Java 11 Tutorial

Overview

New Features

Following are the major new features which are introduced in Java 11.

  • JEP 321 − HTTP Client API standardized.

  • JEP 330 − Launch Single-File Source-Code Programs without compilation

  • JEP 323 − Local-Variable Syntax for Lambda Parameters

  • JEP 181 − Nest-Based Access Control

  • JEP 331 − Low-Overhead Heap Profiling

  • JEP 318 − Epsilon, A No-Op Garbage Collector

  • JEP 333 − ZGC A Scalable Low-Latency Garbage Collector

  • Collection API Updates − New Collection.toArray(IntFunction) Default Method.

  • String API Updates − New methods added like repeat(), isBlank(), strip() and lines().

  • Files API Updates − New methods added like readString(), and writeString().

  • Optional Updates − New method added, isEmpty().

Standard HttpClient

Following are the steps to use an HttpClient.

  • Create HttpClient instance using HttpClient.newBuilder() instance

  • Create HttpRequest instance using HttpRequest.newBuilder() instance

  • Make a request using httpClient.send() and get a response object.

String API

  • String.repeat(int) − Repeats a string given number of times. Returns the concatenated string.

  • String.isBlank() − Checks if a string is empty or have white spaces only.

  • String.strip() − Removes the leading and trailing whitespaces.

  • String.stripLeading() − Removes the leading whitespaces.

  • String.stripTrailing() − Removes the trailing whitespaces.

  • String.lines() − Return the stream of lines of multi-line string.

Collections to Array

Old Way

nameArray = nameList.toArray(new String[nameList.size()]);

New Way

nameArray = nameList.toArray(String[]::new);

Optional Class

Java 11 introduced new method to Optional class as isEmpty() to check if value is present. isEmpty() returns false if value is present otherwise true.

It can be used as an alternative of isPresent() method which often needs to negate to check if value is not present.

Not Predicate

Java 11 introduced new method to Predicate interface as not() to negate an existing predicate similar to negate method.

Nested Based Access

Java 11 introduced a concept of nested class where we can declare a class within a class. This nesting of classes allows to logically group the classes to be used in one place, making them more readable and maintainable. Nested class can be of four types −

  • Static nested classes

  • Non-static nested classes

  • Local classes

  • Anonymous classes

Examples

  • StandardHttpClient

  • StringAPI

  • Collections2Array

  • OptionalClass

  • NotPredicate

  • NestedBasedAccess

References